structures of the empires

umayyad

The first ruler of the Umyyad Dynasty was Uthman Ibn Affan, but the Dynasty of rulers officially began after his murder. After the murder of Uthman Ibn Affan the caliph Muawiyah took over the empire.

abbasid

it was split up into two groups, one that were supporters of the house of the murdered caliph which is a group that eventually turned into the Shiites community. The second group was mainly made up of Persian Muslims who are essentially second class status.