Common Abiotic Factors..

Tundra are strong winds, rainfall, short summer days, long and cold winters, soil, permafrost layer.

The average winter temperature of artic tundra is -34 degree Celsius and average summer temperature is 3-12 degree Celsius. Rainfall varies in different regions and precipitation (melting snow) less than 15 inches annually.

A frozen subsoil called permafrost which exist in artic tundra, consisting of gravel and fine soil.

The growing season for alphine tundra is approximately 180 days and the nighttime temperature is generally below freezing and here soil is well drained.

The cold temperature of alpine tundra is due to low air pressure. Antarctic tundra is usually cold and dry and some have rocky soil

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