- changes in the earths surface that had begun in the preceding Carboniferous period.

-At the close of the Carboniferous, large areas of E North America were dry land. 

-In the Lower Permian, sandy shales, sandstones, and thin limestones of the Dunkard formation (formerly called the Upper Barren measures) were deposited in the remaining submerged areas of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, but the continued rising of the land soon put an end to deposition.

Geology