Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

Climax Community

The creation of an ecosystem starting without soil.

The regenerating of an ecosystem starting with soil.

The end result of succession.

Ice algae being the first ones to start a community under sea ice.

The recuperating of an underwater ecosystem after an iceberg scrapes the plants off the bottom of the ocean.

A community of polar bears, seals, algae, mussels and other plants and animals that functions under cold conditions as well as surviving on ice.