Problems

-many urban were not ready for rapid population growth

-Often led to shortages of affordable housing

-didn't have the laws, organizations, and resources they needed to protect citizens' health and well being (disease and health problems

- poor suffered

- no laws requiring landlords to find their buildings or to maintain safety standers

-fire and crime were often common problems that led to full time firefighters and creating permanent police officers

- people formed their own groups

-African Americans formed their own religious groups became an important orginization