ORR STUDY

Halogen-doping (X-doping)

- currently used to modify carbon materials for the ff. applications: photocatalysis, lithium storage, stem cells

- halogen atoms show both resonance donating due to existence of lone pair of electrons and the electron withdrawing due to the their electronegativity

sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode

Current bottleneck

Pt-based

(+) highest electrocatalytic activity, (-) high cost, scarcity, large over potential

Alternative

non-precious metal, metal-free catalysts