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Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus
The ribosomes is the site of protein synthesis. They are small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of ribosomal RNA. Some float freely and others are attached to membranes which forms the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where sugar groups attach to proteins in the cisternae. It is an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid filled cavities that coils and twists through the cytosol. It is studded with ribosomes which is why it is called rough. It also synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification. It is a continuation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum that consists of tubules arranged in a looping network. Its enzymes catalyze reactions involving metabolism, absorption, synthesis, and more. The Golgi apparatus packages proteins for secretion from the cell. It is made of stacked and flattened membrane sacs. It is the principal "traffic director".
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